ABSTRACT
Objective:To explore the influence of tomoxetine hydrochloride on the cognitive processing of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods:From January 2018 to July 2021, 62 ADHD children who were treated with tomoxetine hydrochloride for the first time for(8±4) weeks were selected as the ADHD group.And 62 healthy children matched with age and sex were selected as the healthy control group.Pre-test and post-test by the Das-Naglieri: Cognitive Assessment System(DN: CAS) were performed to evaluate the cognitive function of all individuals.The differences of cognitive processing in pre-treatment and post-treatment of ADHD group were compared with those in healthy control group.The difference between before and after treatment of ADHD group was also compared.SPSS 26.0 statistical software was adopted for statistical analysis.The scores of ADHD group pre-treatment and post-treatment were compared by paired sample t-test, and the scores of ADHD group pre-treatment and post-treatment were compared with those of healthy control group by independent sample t-test. Results:Compared with healthy control group, there were lower of planning score((18.77±5.92) vs (28.56±5.55)), attention score((22.24±5.93) vs (29.56±6.16)), simultaneous processing ((34.21±7.75) vs (37.61±6.29)), successive processing((30.37±7.12) vs (33.74±5.43)), and the total scores((105.60±21.29) vs (134.84±22.87)) in ADHD group before treatment, and there were significant differences( t=9.49, 6.74, 2.68, 2.96, 7.36, all P<0.05). Compared with healthy control group, there were lower of planning score ((22.13±5.99)s), attention score((25.26±7.11) with significant difference( t=6.20, 3.60, both P<0.05) in ADHD group after treatment.And there was no significant difference in the simultaneous processing test and the successive processing test after treatment compared with the healthy control group(both P>0.05). In ADHD group, the scores of planning, simultaneous processing, attention, successive processing and the total score were significantly higher after treatment than those before treatment and there were significant differences( t=-6.03, -4.13, -4.77, -5.48, -8.59, all P<0.05). (2) Compared with the healthy control group, there were lower of matching number score and other 8 sub-test scales in DN: CAS test in ADHD group before treatment, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Meanwhile, there were still lower of matching number score and other 4 sub-test scales in DN: CAS test in ADHD group after treatment, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The matching number score and other 10 sub-test scales in DN: CAS test in ADHD group after treatment were all higher than those of before treatment(all P<0.05). Conclusion:The planning, attention, simultaneous processing, successive processing and total cognitive function of ADHD children were significantly improved after treatment with tomoxetine hydrochloride, special for simultaneous processing and successive processing.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the influence of Methylphenidate Hydrochloride prolonged-release tablets on the cognitive processing of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods Thirty ADHD children and 30 healthy controls were enrolled in this study,and the ADHD subjects were treated with Methylphenidate Hydrochloride prolonged-release tablets for (28 ± 3) days.Pre-test and post-test by the Das-Naglieri:Cognitive Assessment System(DN:CAS) were done to evaluate the cognitive function of all individuals.The differences of cognitive processing in pre-treatment and post-treatment of ADHD group with healthy control group were compared.The difference between before and after treatment of ADHD was also compared.Results Compared with healthy control group,there were lower of planning score [(21.86 ± 4.61) scores vs.(29.33 ± 5.06) scores],attention score [(25.00 ± 4.57) scores vs.(29.83 ± 3.79) scores],and the total scores [(111.93 ± 13.95) scores vs.(127.26 ±15.53) scores] in ADHD group,and there were significant differences (t =-5.976,-4.455,-4.023,all P ＜0.05).The matching number,planned codes,planned connections,expressive attention,number detection and receptive attention scores were also lower in ADHD group,and there were significant differences (t =-4.787,-3.703,-4.991,-2.216,-2.488,-3.219,all P ＜ 0.05).Compared with healthy control group,there were lower of planning score with significant difference [(25.53 ± 4.98) scores vs.(29.33 ± 5.06) scores,t =-2.931,P ＜ 0.05] in ADHD group after treatment,matching number and planned codes were lower with significant difference (t =-2.654,-2.044,all P ＜ 0.05) in ADHD group after treatment.In ADHD group,the scores of planning [(25.53 ± 4.98)scores vs.(21.86 ± 4.61) scores],simultaneous processing [(36.10 ± 7.10) scores vs.(34.13 ± 6.04) scores],attention [(27.90 ± 5.69) scores vs.(25.00 ± 4.57) scores] and the total score [(121.50 ± 16.55) scores vs.(111.93 ± 13.95) scores] were significantly higher after treatment than that before treatment and there were significant differences (t =-5.679,-2.949,-3.869,-5.963,all P ＜ 0.05);matching number,planned codes,planned connections,nonverbal matrices,number detection,receptive attention and word series were significantly higher after treatment than that before treatment,and there were significant differences (t =-2.528,-3.209,-3.890,-2.276,-4.489,-2.208,-2.373,all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The Methylphenidate Hydrochloride prolonged-release tablets can improve the function of cognitive processing in children with ADHD,especially in attention.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the influence of Methylphenidate Hydrochloride prolonged-release tablets on the cognitive processing of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods Thirty ADHD children and 30 healthy controls were enrolled in this study,and the ADHD subjects were treated with Methylphenidate Hydrochloride prolonged-release tablets for (28 ± 3) days.Pre-test and post-test by the Das-Naglieri:Cognitive Assessment System(DN:CAS) were done to evaluate the cognitive function of all individuals.The differences of cognitive processing in pre-treatment and post-treatment of ADHD group with healthy control group were compared.The difference between before and after treatment of ADHD was also compared.Results Compared with healthy control group,there were lower of planning score [(21.86 ± 4.61) scores vs.(29.33 ± 5.06) scores],attention score [(25.00 ± 4.57) scores vs.(29.83 ± 3.79) scores],and the total scores [(111.93 ± 13.95) scores vs.(127.26 ±15.53) scores] in ADHD group,and there were significant differences (t =-5.976,-4.455,-4.023,all P ＜0.05).The matching number,planned codes,planned connections,expressive attention,number detection and receptive attention scores were also lower in ADHD group,and there were significant differences (t =-4.787,-3.703,-4.991,-2.216,-2.488,-3.219,all P ＜ 0.05).Compared with healthy control group,there were lower of planning score with significant difference [(25.53 ± 4.98) scores vs.(29.33 ± 5.06) scores,t =-2.931,P ＜ 0.05] in ADHD group after treatment,matching number and planned codes were lower with significant difference (t =-2.654,-2.044,all P ＜ 0.05) in ADHD group after treatment.In ADHD group,the scores of planning [(25.53 ± 4.98)scores vs.(21.86 ± 4.61) scores],simultaneous processing [(36.10 ± 7.10) scores vs.(34.13 ± 6.04) scores],attention [(27.90 ± 5.69) scores vs.(25.00 ± 4.57) scores] and the total score [(121.50 ± 16.55) scores vs.(111.93 ± 13.95) scores] were significantly higher after treatment than that before treatment and there were significant differences (t =-5.679,-2.949,-3.869,-5.963,all P ＜ 0.05);matching number,planned codes,planned connections,nonverbal matrices,number detection,receptive attention and word series were significantly higher after treatment than that before treatment,and there were significant differences (t =-2.528,-3.209,-3.890,-2.276,-4.489,-2.208,-2.373,all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The Methylphenidate Hydrochloride prolonged-release tablets can improve the function of cognitive processing in children with ADHD,especially in attention.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the cognitive process in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using Das-Naglieri Cognitive Assessment System (DN:CAS).Methods Sixty-one children with ADHD and sixty-one healthy controls were enrolled in this study.The cognition of all the studies individuals was evaluated by the DN:CAS.Results Compared with the control group,children with ADHD had significantly lower scores in planning[(24.18 ±5.64) scores vs (30.07 ±5.28) scores,t =-6.985,P ＜ 0.01],simultaneous processing[(33.97 ± 7.64) scores vs (36.90 ± 7.20) scores,t =-2.211,P ＜ 0.05],attention [(26.52 ± 6.80) scores vs (31.21 ± 5.86) scores,t =-4.909,P ＜0.01] in the 4 subtests of DN:CAS,and the total scores [(117.85 ±21.45) scores vs (132.48 ± 17.95) scores,t =-5.286,P ＜ 0.01] are same.And there were significant differences in matching numbers [(8.77 ± 2.33) scores vs (10.87 ± 2.31) scores,t =-5.220,P ＜ 0.01],planned codes [(7.87 ± 2.37) scores vs (9.44 ± 2.61) scores,t =-4.006,P ＜ 0.01],planned connections [(7.54 ± 2.29) scores vs (9.75 ± 2.01) scores,t =-6.643,P ＜0.01];verbal-spatial relations in simultaneous processing [(10.05 ±2.79) scores vs (11.23 ± 3.19) scores,t =-2.382,P ＜ 0.05] and expressive attention [(9.02 ± 2.47) scores vs (10.34 ± 3.03) scores,t =-2.938,P ＜0.01],number detection [(8.16 ±2.31) scores vs (10.08 ± 1.86) scores,t =-5.028,P ＜ 0.01],receptive attention [(9.34 ± 3.68) scores vs (10.78 ± 3.20) scores,t =-3.215,P ＜ 0.01] between ADHD group and the control group.There were significant differences of the percentile rank distribution of the scores between ADHD group and the control group in planning,attention and full score (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Children with ADHD have cognitive deficits in the cognitive processing,and planning and attention deficits are the main features.The DN:CAS could be a useful tool in evaluating cognition of children with ADHD.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the relationship between the Chinese Version Wechsler intelligence scale for children(C-WISC) and the Das-Naglieri cognitive assessment system(DN:CAS) in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods Thirty-two children with ADHD were evaluated with C-WISC and the digital remote assessment system——DN:CAS,and both results were administered for correlation analysis.Results The results showed that there was a strong correlation between the full intelligence quotient (FIQ) of C-WISC and the full score of DN:CAS,also the scores in Plan,Simultaneous,and Successive of DN-CAS,and the correlation coefficient was between 0.6 to 0.8.There was a strong correlation between the full score of DN:CAS and the verbal comprehension IQ (VCIQ),perceptual organization IQ (POIQ),memory/concentration IQ (M/CIQ),verbal IQ (VIQ),and performance IQ(PIQ) of C-WISC,as the correlation coefficient ranges from 0.6 to 0.8.There was also a strong correlation between the score in Planning and VCIQ,POIQ,M/CIQ,VIQ of C-WISC.As to the score in Simultaneous of DN:CAS and POIQ,VIQ,PIQ of C-WISC,the correlation was also strong with the correlation coefficient ranging from 0.6 to 0.8.For the rest of the sub-tests of C-WISC and DN:CAS,there was moderate correlation between them,the correlation coefficient was from 0.4 to 0.6.Conclusions These results show that the correlation between C-WISC and DN:CAS in children with ADHD is significant.The correlation coefficient shows diversity in the sub-tests of C-WISC and DN:CAS.